The Philippine Commission on Human Rights has urged Congress to criminalize red-tagging after a national inquiry linked the practice to killings, enforced disappearances, and the shrinking of civic space in the country.
In a statement released alongside its 2025 National Inquiry on the Current Situation of Human Rights Defenders in the Philippines with a Focus on Incidents of Red-Tagging, the Commission said the practice continues to endanger journalists, church workers, Indigenous Peoples, labor organizers, lawyers, students, and other sectors engaged in advocacy and dissent.
Red-tagging refers to the public labeling of individuals or groups as communist or terrorist sympathizers, often without evidence or due process.
The inquiry found that red-tagging persists as a pattern of labeling individuals and groups as “communists,” “terrorists,” or “enemies of the State,” often without due process and through public and online platforms.
“The CHR underscores that red-tagging is not a harmless label,” the Commission said in its statement. “It creates a real and well-founded risk of harm. It exposes individuals to threats, harassment, and violence, and may serve as a precursor to grave human rights violations, including arbitrary detention, enforced disappearances, and extrajudicial killings.”
The inquiry documented recurring cases in which activists, journalists, religious workers, students, lawyers, and humanitarian advocates were accused of links to communist insurgents or terrorist groups in the context of the government’s counterinsurgency and counterterrorism campaigns.
Among those identified as frequent targets were “religious leaders and church workers engaged in social justice missions,” as well as “journalists and media practitioners,” particularly those whose reports were perceived as critical of government policies.
The Commission said the campaign has contributed to fear, intimidation, and restrictions on democratic participation.
“The Inquiry further shows that red-tagging undermines the rights to life, liberty, security, expression, and association,” the CHR statement said. “It creates a chilling effect on dissent and weakens democratic participation.”
The report also noted that red-tagging has been disseminated through speeches, posters, streamers, radio programs, public forums, and social media platforms.
According to the inquiry, the practice “appears to incriminate an individual or a group for the mere holding of ‘leftist’ ideologies,” while associating them with armed insurgency or terrorism.
The Commission said existing legal remedies remain inadequate because there is no specific law defining or penalizing red-tagging as a distinct offense.
In response, the Commission urged Congress to pass legislation criminalizing red-tagging and to review existing counterterrorism laws, including the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020.
The inquiry also recommended that the Executive Department adopt “a comprehensive policy prohibiting the practice of red-tagging” and strengthen mechanisms for investigating violations against human rights defenders.
The Commission further called on the judiciary to strengthen protective remedies such as the writs of amparo and habeas data and ensure faster resolution of cases involving human rights defenders.
“Addressing red-tagging requires sustained, coordinated, and rights-based action across all branches of government, as well as meaningful participation from civil society and other stakeholders,” the CHR said.
“Ultimately, upholding the dignity, safety, and freedom of human rights defenders is integral to strengthening democratic space and the rule of law.”
The inquiry concluded that ending red-tagging is essential to protecting civic freedoms and democratic participation in the Philippines.
